The Relationship Between Modernity and the First World War

The First World War, also known as the Great War of 1914-1918, is not an event that manifested overnight; it was the result of ever growing tension among European nations. This conflict was brought about by factors such as, nationalism, militarism, and the Alliance system. An upheaval such as the First World War was witness to the emergence of the glorification of war, struggle, despair, destruction and immense loss of life. The First World War brought about a defining moment in the history of the modern consciousness. The modern world was born anew with a self-conscious awareness of plight and modern society. This awareness has been characterized by a profound sense of the differences between past and present. The process of modernity†¦show more content†¦The effect the war had on both the political and economic sector was so significant that the First World War marks the commencement of the modern era. Socialist thought emerged due to revolutions in Russia, and imperialism lost its appeal. A desire to avoid further conflict also arose at the culmination of the First World War, and individuals hoped that this war would be the war to end all wars, which encouraged many nations to resolve disputes with one another. The societal structure of every European nation that participated in the war changed irreversibly. The war not only facilitated change, it played a powerful role in molding its quality and strength. This view of the war suggests its pivotal role in directing the destinies of the contemporary world – it is in this sense that the war was possibly a â€Å"turning point.† The class system in Britain was changed and lower class consciousness grew. New nations were formed in Eastern Europe, and a new identity was to be formed in Germany, an identity without imperialistic values and goals. Though, not only did European nations change, so to did warfare. The advancements of the industrial age were applied to weapons and eventually to tactics as well, changing the face of warfare perpetually. The year 1914 signaled the conclusion of a rather peaceful century on the European continent, with unparalleled invention and new scientific developments. The vision of a future filled with peace, nourished by greater thanShow MoreRelatedT. S. Eliot The Waste Land Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesProgressivism as a Project of Humanity: Roosevelt, Wilson, the Great War These fragments I have shored against my ruins Why then Ile fit you. Hireronymo’s mad againe. Datta. Dayadhvam. Damyata. Shantih shantih shantih --T.s. Eliot, The Waste Land (1922)[1] I. THE AFTERMATH of the Industrial Revolution revealed new realities born of the marriage between technology and capitalism. Central to the Progressive motivation was the human relationship with Capital, an invisible entity whose uncanny vitalism acceleratedRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Central Europe By Milan Kundera Analysis827 Words   |  4 Pages Since the end of the First World War, humanity has yet to abandon the values acquainted with modernity present in today’s society, and eventually replace them with more traditional ones. This is to be done in hopes of realizing mankind’s aspirations of creating the â€Å"good society,† while obtaining a sustainable sense of fulfillment throughout one’s lifetime. Subsequently, the challenge of expunging a fundamental aspect of societies across the globe, such as innovation, has proved to be quite aRead MoreFree Indirect Discourse : Mrs. Dalloway Essay1374 Words   |  6 Pagessee the same car. The vehicle leads them to different thoughts: for Septimus it is seeing in it the power of the modern world, which â€Å"was about to burst into flames† (13) or rather the oppressive relationship of technology and war, which ultimately leads to his suicide. He is bound by the internal, his suffering thoughts cannot help but to be captured in the memories of the World War I he fought in. For Clarissa, hearing the noise of the car provokes her to think she has heard â€Å"a pistol shot in theRead MoreHow the Social Importance of Religion Has Receded with Modernity1617 Words   |  7 PagesReligion has always been of high social importance and influence within civilization and their society. This essay will argue that as modernity has progressed the social importance of religion has receded, but the gradient of this recession and by how much varies upon the society. Modernity typically refers to a â€Å"post-medieval historical period, one marked by the move from feudalism toward capitalism , industrialization, secularization, rationalization, the nation-state and its constituent institutions†Read More Critical Analysis of The Homecoming Essay1565 Words   |  7 PagesHarold Pinters play, The Homecoming, represents a series of urban characters involved in the family relationships whose prime interest is in wining dominance over another, and the depiction of gender roles which radically severed from traditional family in urban life. This essay will explore the family relationships between the characters against traditional family and how it relates to modernity. I will exam the text in the following aspects: I will identify the way that in urban life, charactersRead MoreTribulations of the Self (Sociology) Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pages In the first part of this paper, I discuss some central ways language has been viewed focusing the review on social constructivist writings as well as those stemming from the study of human development. In the second part of thi s paper, I discuss data that leads to the reconsideration of aspects of the language - selfhood interface. I conclude by suggesting some future avenues of research.brbrFirst the essay will outline the various tribulations that Giddens describes in Modernity and Self-identityRead MoreThe Discourse Of The Veil883 Words   |  4 Pagesthat his book provoked (Ahmed, 145). Ahmed discusses the origins and history as an idea of the veil which informs Western colonial discourse and 20th century-Arabic debate have several implications. The first implication is the evident connection between the issue of culture of women, as well as between the cultures of other men and the oppression of women, which was created by Western discourse. The idea that improving the status of women resulting in abandoning native customs was constructed by anRead MoreFascism And The French Architect Le Corbusier1633 Words   |  7 Pagescontact with European trends of functionalism. In the European architecture, rationalism was widely widespread in 1920-1940. Its aim was to find out a solution to the issue arisen after the industrialization and the urbanization and from the relationship between the individual and modern society. The problem was initially analysed by Walter Gropius, the founder of the Bauhaus, whose solutions lasted at the heart of the movement along with those of the Belgian Mies van der Roe and the French architectRead More Tribulations Of The Self (sociology) Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pages(1991). In the first part of this paper, I discuss some central ways language has been viewed focusing the review on social constructivist writings as well as those stemming from the study of human development. In the second part of this paper, I discuss data that leads to the reconsideration of aspects of the language - selfhood interface. I conclude by suggesting some future avenues of research.First the essay will outline the various tribulations that Giddens describes in Modernity and Self-identityRead MoreUniversal Human Rights Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pagesconcept, coming into existence only after the Second World War as enshrined in The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. The system of rights was premised on the main assumption that since no one could control his or her birth, it should then follow that everyone should have a birthright to be protected from certain ills, or guaranteed certain liberties. Scholars have read the development of rights as a response to several features of modernity. For instance, the deinstitutionalisation of social

Essay studying media - 1100 Words

Much of what we know about the world, beyond our immediate experience, comes to us through the media. Media studies gives us the tools to respond thoughtfully and critically to media content, and recognise media productions as deliberate constructions rather than windows on reality. The ‘mediated’ society in which we live, is heavily shaped by the transfer of information. Many of our values, our ideas, and our knowledge of the world come from beyond our individual daily or immediate experience, usually via the media. They play a vital role in democracy, shaping citizens\\ understanding of social and political issues and functioning as gatekeepers through which issues, and events must be passed. By studying the media, and understanding†¦show more content†¦Finally, to understand the importance of the media in our everyday world, we have to recognise that first and foremost, media companies and organisations exist to make a profit. Films and newspapers are not produced purely to entertain and inform us, they are made because the media corporations know that they will make large amounts of money. In addition to this, complex interrelationships are developing among many major media players to the extent that competitors in one market are often partners in another. This can be illustrated by the relationships among Telstra, Publishing and Broadcasting Limited and News Corporation Limited, whose core Australian businesses in the past have been telecommunications, television and magazines, and newspapers respectively. While coming from different backgrounds, these three organisations are now partners in the supply of subscription television services to Australia. Media studies presents us with the opportunity to develop life skills which will enable us to analyse, comprehend, and act in response to increasingly complex media technologies. The idea that the modern mass media are worth critical attention has never been the exclusive property of any one academic tradition. Media studies is a relatively new academic discipline and as such, it draws the ideas and approaches it uses from many different sources. In schools, media studies is often linked toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Importance of Studying the Media835 Words   |  4 PagesStudying media is important for several reasons, especially today when we have the ability to look back and see how far ideas and technologies have come and where they are headed. As Annabelle Sreberny-Mohammadi suggests in her article, Forms of Media as Ways of Knowing, examining history and how media are utilized and changing in the past and in the present can help us see how far we have come. It allows us to appreciate the forms of media we have today and how it is being shaped and controlledRead More Studying the Media Rather Than Simply Consuming It Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesStudying the Media Rather Than Simply Consuming It   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyday we encounter the media in some form. It could be waking up to the sound of the radio, or passing billboards in the streets or simply just watching television. They are a lot of different forms of media, for example, verbal or written media, visual media and aural media. Examples of media would include newspapers, magazines, film, radio, television, billboard advertisements as well as the internet. Media studies came about becauseRead MoreCMNS 301 Final Essay: Studying Media In The Context of Everyday Life2824 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿CMNS 301 Tuesday, November 26th 2013 Final Essay After reading â€Å"Adolescent Room Culture: Studying Media in the Context of Everyday Life† by Jeanne Steele and Jane Brown, study the uses and gratifications of literature. Have a look at your life. Where do practice and theory seem to match up, and where do they pass like ships in the night? Keep a â€Å"media uses and gratifications† diary for you and your family or friends for a week. Use the diary as raw material for your study. Organize the diaryRead MoreEssay on How My Ambition as a Child Changed557 Words   |  3 PagesThis event gave had created a nagging sensation in my head, an idea †¦ My thirst for and curiosity about studying Communications has increased as I thought more about it †¦ I had begun to wonder if this was what I was meant for after all. Nevertheless an idea always tends to be progressive ... the more I thought about it, the more I realized this was what I always wanted to do. The world of mass media and communication was now my dream . And in order to reinforce this idea of mine my school had appointedRead MoreDigital Communication And Its Effects On Our Society1599 Words   |  7 Pagespositive aspects of this technology, like some media theorists, we could be obstructing progression with this technology, simply due to the fact we are focusing on the wrong traits overall. Certain media theorists such as Sherry Turkle do an incredible job on studying these properties of technology and their bearing on us, but sometimes seem to dwell on the negative side of the analysis. In short some of these media theorists do astonishing work studying the impact socially that using and communicatingRead MoreThe Polarity Of College Students1078 Words   |  5 Pagestheir lives were? Not exactly, this writing is about how college students of this generation make use of digital technology. The wide spread of today’s technology via computers or smartphones results in constant connectivity to the internet. Social media, video gaming, information databases, and online classes, have affected college students’ studies. As a result, more students are being distracted, making a wider academic gap with self-disciplined students. Most college students use a computer atRead MoreHow Media Affects The Way Of Media Consumption2434 Words   |  10 PagesSummary The research conducts that how extent media are consumed by the contemporary immigrants, who is from East Asia, in London and how they perceive their nation’s news, Britain’s news and International news via certain media. Method of research is one to one interview followed by questionnaires, as well as additional oral questionnaires. Results of interview show that four of five interviewers usually check their nation’s news while do not check Britain’s domestic news. In addition, even theyRead MoreInternet: A Cancer to the Brain926 Words   |  4 Pagesover the influence of electronic media on the brain has become a significant topic for educational enforcers, but now students should also be convinced to uncover the threats media have on the brain. Though electronic media is a convenient medium that emphasizes â€Å"efficiency†, it encourages students to recycle archives of informative materials instead of diving into the depths of language and disc overing new approaches. In the opinion editorial, â€Å"Mind over Mass Media†, Harvard psychology professor DrRead MorePersonal Statement : Global Media And Communications Programme856 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal statement My interest in Global Media and Communications programme offered by London School of Economics lies primarily in the opportunity to experience more than a single education environment and, thus, to receive different perspectives on the field, which I find essential in the Global Media expertise. My current degree at King s College London specializing in Comparative Literature with Film Studies gave me a broad understanding of various cultural characteristics and the differencesRead MoreSwitching from Social Media to Printed Media821 Words   |  3 PagesIn today society, different media types are used more frequently than everyday chore. The average American spends five hours a day watching television overall eight hours a day per household. Drivers spend about six hours per day listening to radio averaging seven hundred and fifty hours a year listening to music or news/talk radio. Like radio people listen to music on their portable devices while exercising, walking, or studying. I ndividuals that love to read spend their spare time to reading magazines

Impact of Leather Waste Free Essays

1. 1. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Leather Waste or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leather industrial waste: Prominent effectiveness of leather industry is amplified by high input and expenditure but on other side it causes huge waste of resource, incredible environmental pollution and biological chain destruction [17]. Streams of gaseous, liquid and solid waste are resulted by environmental blow of tanneries. Global leather industry generates 4 million tones of solid waste per year [18]. People use products of the leather-processing industry on a daily basis. These include especially shoes, leather and textile goods; we normally encounter leather products even in both public and private transport. The primary raw material for final products is hide from animals from slaughter houses and hide from game—i. e. waste from the meat industry, which is processed in tanneries and turned into leather. Therefore, the tanning industry can be considered one of the first industries to use and recycle secondary raw materials. Although the tanning industry is environmentally important as a principal user of meat industry waste, the industry is perceived as a consumer of resources and a producer of pollutants. Processing one metric ton of raw hide generates 200 kg of final leather product (containing 3 kg of chromium), 250 kg of non-tanned solid waste, 200 kg of tanned waste (containing 3 kg of chromium), and 50,000 kg of wastewater (containing 5 kg of chromium) [1]. Thus, only 20% of the raw material is converted into leather, and more than 60% of the chromium is in the solid and liquid waste. During the production of leather goods, especially shoes, manipulation waste is produced, whichmakes about 15–20% of the entry material—leather. The last kinds ofwaste are used leather products which have lost their utility value. 1. 1. The possibility of oxidation of CrIII to CrVI The basic question is the possible oxidation reaction from chromium III to chromium VI. In basic solutions, the oxidation of CrIII to CrVI by oxidants such as peroxides and hypohalide occurs with ease [2]. Such strong oxidation conditions are realized in the process of the sterilization of drinking water. This is the first threat to human health and life. Rain (especially acid rain) can leach chromium III from waste dumps, and soluble salts can then reach sources of drinking water. During the sterilization process by ozone or hypochloride, chromium III is converted into chromium VI and reacts with magnesium and calcium ions occurring in drinking water to produce carcinogenic magnesium and calcium chromate or dichromate salts. Another problem concerns the possibility of oxidation of CrIII into CrVI in gentle conditions by air in the wide range of pH. Principally, oxidation can be realized after the following equations: According to the European Commission (EC) the quantities of solid waste produced by tanneries depend on the type of leather processed, the source of hides and skins, and the techniques applied [2]. On an average, at the end of the process, about 20% of the weight of the raw hides is (grain side) leather [2]. On the other hand, in Rio Grande do Sul, approximately 40% of the initial raw material is transformed into solid and liquid wastes [3]. In the tanning industry, raw skin is transformed into leather by means of a series of chemical and mechanical operations [4,5]. Chromium salts (in particular, chromium sulfate) are the most widely used tanning substances today. Hides that have been tanned with chromium salts have a good mechanical resistance, an extraordinary dyeing suitability and a better hydrothermal resistance in comparison with hides treated with plant substances. Chromium salts also have a high rate of penetration into the inter fibrillar spaces of the skin, what represents a saving in terms of production time and a better control of the process [6]. In Brazil, approximately 90% of the leather industry uses chromium in hide processing, resulting in hazardous The conventional tannery methods lead to discharge of solutions with chromium concentrations in the range of 1500–4000 mg/l. The specification for the discharge of chromium containing liquid wastes stipulates a range of 0. 3–2 mg/l [21]. The tanning treatments to produce the wet blue leather yield sludge containing approximately 3% (w/w) of chromium [9]. The method commonly used for this waste disposal presents high operational costs. The production of chromium containing leather wastes (including chrome shavings and tanned splits) in leather industry has been recognized as a real problem for many years [ref]. The chromium leather wastes are generated principally during mechanical treatments carried out after tanning process. In this latter, chromium is bound with the collagen matrix, by cross linking with collagen carboxylic groups through coordinate covalent linkage [6–10]. The final chemical structure of the waste illustrated in Eq. (1), is obtained through two chemical phenomena â€Å"olation and oxolation†. As reported by numerous authors [6–12], the olation phenomenon is observed gradually with the increase of the alkalinity of the tanning medium. The olified complex continues its evolution through time and an acid discharge takes place while the oxygen-chrome coordinate links are transformed into covalent links (oxolation bridges) Eq. The great stability of the collagen–chromium complex produced makes the waste a non-biodegradable and toxic material, due to the chromium and nitrogen content about 4. 3% and 14%, respectively [13,14]. A large amount of waste still goes into land disposal [15]. Incineration in air atmosphere generates other forms of residual pollutant (gaseous emission and ashes) more noxious [16–21] The solid wastes generated _presented in Table 1. from leather industry can be broadly classified as untanned collagenous, tanned collagenous and non-proteinous wastes. Among the tanned collagenous waste, the one resulting from the finishing operation called buffing dust draws the most attention from the public and pollution control authorities. Buffing dust appears in a considerable proportion with processing of raw hides skins _i. e. 2–6 kg per ton of raw hides skins.. Buffing dust is a micro fined solid particulate impregnated with chromium, synthetic fat, oil, tanning agents and dye chemicals. Buffing dust carries about 2. 7% chromium on dry weight basis. This is carcinogenic in nature and it causes clinical problems like respiratory tract ailments w1x, allergic dermatitis, ulcers, perforated nasal septum, kidney malfunctions w2x and lung cancer w3x in humans exposed to the environment containing buffing dust particulates. Hence, it is cautioned by pollution control authorities to collect the buffing dust for safety disposal. The current practice of disposing of buffing dust consists of: _i. incineration in incinerators, _ii. land co-disposal w4–12x. Incineration causes serious air pollution problems because of release of toxic So and No gases w13x, and it has been observed x x that at 8008C, about 40% of Cr_III. is converted into Cr_VI. during the incineration of Cr laden solid waste w14x. The tanning industry is familiar with its being a potentially pollution-intensive industry. The nvironmental impacts from tanneries result from liquid, solid and gaseous waste streams. It must be emphasized that 4million tones of solid waste per year is generated by the global tannery industry [6]. According to the estimation of Sreeram et al. , about 0. 8 million tons of chromium tanned shavings are generated per year globally [7]. The solid wastes from tannery industries may have significant Cr (III) conten t. Even though Cr (III) is viewed as not toxic, possible oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI), due to the acid rains or incineration, threats the environment since Cr(VI) is a more toxic species. Therefore, the conventional disposal methods, land-filling and incineration, cannot be considered a solution to the disposal problem of tanned leather wastes in eco-friendly manner. In literature, there are many studies on the treatment of tanned leather wastes mainly including the extraction of chromium from wastes to re-use in the tanning process [8,9] and isolation of protein fractions [10,11]. The tanning industry generates a huge quantum of liquid and solid wastes while producing finished leather. Tanning is the main process followed in leather manufacturing that protects the leather against some environmental effects such as microbial degradation, heat, sweat or moisture, etc [1]. In tanning industry raw skins/hides are transformed into leather by means of a series of chemical and mechanical operations [2,3]. The tanning process is usually accomplished in three distinct phases, i. e. , preparation of the raw live stock to tan with tanning agents, tanning with mineral/vegetable tanning agents and post tanning to impart colour to finished leather. Basic chromium sulfate is the most widely used tanning agent for converting putrescible collagen fibres into non-putrescible leather matrix. Chrome tanned leathers have improved mechanical resistance, extraordinary dyeing suitability and better hydrothermal resistance in comparison with vegetable tanned leather. The solid wastes generated from leather industry can be broadly classified into untanned collagenous, tanned collagenous and non-proteinaceous wastes. Among the tanned collagenous waste, the one resulting from the finishing operation is called chrome buffing dust (CBD). CBD is a micro fined solid particulate impregnated with chromium, synthetic fat, oil, tanning agents and dye chemicals. About 2–6 kg of CBD is generated as a solid waste per ton of skin/hide processed. CBD contains chromium, it is carcinogenic in nature and it causes clinical problems like respiratory tract ailments, ulcers, perforated nasal septum, kidney malfunction [4] and lung cancer [5] in humans exposed to the environment containing buffing dust particulates. Hence, it is advised by pollution control authorities to collect the CBD for safe disposal. The current methods for disposing buffing dust are land codisposal and thermal incineration. Land co-disposal method is not preferred for the reasons such as overall high pollution emissions and low energy recovery. The leather industry generates a large amount of a Cr-containing solid waste (wet blue leather), with approximately 3% (w/w) of chromium. However, the leather industry has commonly been associated with high pollution due to the bad smell, organic wastes and high water consumption caused during traditional manufacturing processes [2]. Different forms of waste in quality and quantity, which emerge during the transformation of hides and skins into leathers in thousands of leather factories, from primitive to modern all around the world, have negative impacts on the environment. According to the data received from the studies of several researchers, approximately 200 kg of leather is manufactured from 1 tone of wet-salted hide [1-3]. This amount constitutes about 20% of rawhide weight. More than 600 kg of solid waste is generated during the transformation of Raw hide into leather. That is to say, solid wastes containing protein and fat that constitute more than 60% of rawhide weight are disposed to the environment by leather factories without turning them to good use In other words, besides the 30-35m3 waste water disposed to environment during the processing of every 1 ton of rawhide in world leather industry, the data from FAO reveals that approximately 8. 5 million tons of solid waste is generated during the production of 11 million tons of raw hide processed in the world [4]. Solid wastes generated by the leather industry in these stages of processes may be classified as follows: i. astes from untanned hides/skins (trimmings, fleshing wastes) ii. wastes from tanned leather (shaving wastes, buffing dust) iii. wastes from dyed and finished leather (trimmings from leather) Data obtained from research reveals that 80% of solid wastes are generated during pre-tanning processes, while 20% of the wastes are caused by post-tanning processes Due to the bad smell th ey produce during their putrefaction and their harmful chemical content, untanned hide/skin wastes have negative effects on the soil and/or water resources of the environment where they are discharged, in other words n the local plant flora and animal fauna. Therefore, uncontrolled discharge of such wastes should be prevented without taking adequate precautions. Legal arrangements gradually gaining speed all over the world enforce the leather industry to apply innovations in terms of reusing solid wastes generated during leather production processes such as fleshing, shaving, trimming and splits. Solid wastes create a major problem for leather industry in terms of both their variety and quantity. A high amount of reusable waste is generated in the leather industry. It is possible to recycle these products and even use them as raw materials for different industries [7]. The variety and quantity of solid wastes depends on animal species, breeding conditions, slaughterhouse practices, conservation conditions, leather process stages, mechanical operations, qualification of the personnel, and chemicals used in processes. Yet this fact causes uncertainties in reusing the generated wastes. How to cite Impact of Leather Waste, Papers